Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia
South America · Latin America and the Caribbean · Americas
BO · BOL
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Classification
The score and regime label are assigned by Porto Voto using our in-house democracy index and classification framework, not ratings from governments or external agencies.
Democracy index
72/100
Regime type
Fragmented Democracy
Bolivia has entered a period of significant institutional transition following the consequential 2025 general elections, which marked the end of nearly two decades of MAS (Movimiento al Socialismo) dominance. The victory of Rodrigo Paz in the October 2025 runoff, and his subsequent inauguration in November, represents a peaceful transfer of power that has notably reduced the immediate risk of authoritarian consolidation. Freedom House and other observers have recognized this shift by upgrading the country's status, citing the successful rebuffing of attempts by the Evo Morales faction to interfere with the electoral process. However, the system remains categorized as a Fragmented Democracy due to the deep polarization inherited from years of internal MAS fracturing and the significant challenges of governing with a highly divided legislature. While the new administration has moved toward economic liberalization and strengthening the rule of law by cracking down on corrupt state contracts, the judiciary remains under pressure and the political environment is still characterized by social volatility. The current score reflects a marked improvement in electoral integrity and executive accountability, balanced against the ongoing need for structural reforms to ensure long-term judicial independence and social cohesion.
Last evaluation:
How we classify regimes →World Factbook
A concise introduction to Bolivia, Plurinational State of, together with notes on how power and law are organized, to put local ballots in context.
Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simón BOLÍVAR, broke away from Spanish rule in 1825. Much of its subsequent history has consisted of a series of coups and countercoups, with the last coup occurring in 1980. Democratic civilian rule was established in 1982, but leaders have faced problems of deep-seated poverty, social unrest, and illegal drug production.
In 2005, Bolivians elected Movement Toward Socialism leader Evo MORALES as president -- by the widest margin of any leader since 1982 -- after he ran on a promise to change the country's traditional political class and empower the poor and indigenous majority. In 2009 and 2014, MORALES easily won reelection, and his party maintained control of the legislative branch. In 2016, MORALES narrowly lost a referendum to approve a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him to compete in the 2019 presidential election.
A subsequent Supreme Court ruling stating that term limits violate human rights provided the justification for MORALES to run despite the referendum, but rising violence, pressure from the military, and widespread allegations of electoral fraud ultimately forced him to flee the country. An interim government, led by President Jeanine AÑEZ Chávez, held new elections in 2020, and Luis Alberto ARCE Catacora was elected president.
